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Italian Baroque interior design refers to high-style furnishing and interior decorating carried out in Italy during the Baroque period, which lasted from the early 17th to the mid-18th century. In provincial areas, Baroque forms such as the clothes-press or ''armadio'' continued to be made into the 19th century. ==History, influences and background== In the late 16th century, Rome was the seat of an extremely powerful and influential papacy which were struggling with the advent of Protestantism.〔Miller (2005) p.40〕 As a response to the Protestant Reformation, the Curia started the Counter-Reformation, (after the Council of Trent), a period in which the church's policies and influence abroad would be strengthened. Due to this Catholic Reformation, popes in Rome hired several architects, painters and interior designers to re-decorate the city and improve its public decorum,〔 creating several new palaces and churches, and re-designing the interiors of several papal buildings. Decorations were richer and more grandiose than those of the Renaissance, and this movement evolved into the Baroque, which later spread across the whole of Italy and later Europe. To accord with these new architectural styles, new furnishing styles also emerged, for which architects even as pre-eminent as Bernini,〔Alvar Gonzalez-Palacios, "Bernini as a furniture designer" ''The Burlington Magazine'' 112 No. 812 (November 1970):719-723).〕 were called upon to provide designs. In his ''Opus architectonicum'' Borromini fully described the furniture he designed for the Chiesa Nova, including the reused priests' bookcases, and Carlo Fontana was called upon shortly after 1692 to design the support for a porphyry ''tavola'', or table-slab, for the bapistry of St Peter's; it was enriched with bronze ornaments and the Pignatelli arms of Pope Innocent XI.〔Ugo Donati, ''Artisti ticinesi a Roma'', (Rome) 1942, fig. 253.〕 Architects had been called upon since the days of Buontalenti to design such marble or pietra dura tables on bases for the centers of grand spaces. Since this was an age where learning and patronage of the arts were considered desirable pursuits for nobles, the bookcase came out of the private ''studiolo'' to furnish state apartments as an object of display. Among new forms of furniture in parade apartments, free-standing bookcases were no longer built into the structure of rooms. Lavish bookcases started to be made, often with gilded marble columns and intricate designs. Roman carvers' shops outshone the more modest craft of cabinetmaking, as demanding commissions overseen by architects for carved decors, frames, altar candlestands, confessionals and pulpits came in a steady stream for the furnishings of churches and semi-public chapels. In secular apartments of parade, richly carved, painted and gilded frames came from the same shops. Carved frames and case furniture had come to rival the former primacy of textiles during the course of the 16th century. Baroque objects were grand in scale in proportion to the interiors they occupied, and would be ornamented with cartouches, swags and drops of boldly-scaled fruits and flowers, open scrollwork and carvings of human figures, which swarmed over and all but effaced the tectonic forms that supported them which made them look majestic and royal in appearance.〔 The frescoed galleries of the city's many palazzi were lined with elaborate console tables set against the piers and between the windows. In ceilings the new popular style of frescoing emerged known as the ''quadratura'' from its elaborate framing, was reflected in the framing of large looking-glasses, assembled fromsix to eighteen panes of Venetian mirror-glass, themselves being made in larger dimensions than ever. In Florence, grand cabinets known as ''stippone'' (plural:''stipponi'') began to be produced in the ducal workshops, thought to have been inspired from Augsburg cabinets.〔 They had many shells and carved foliages, and were decorated with expensive materials, such as gilt bronze, ebony and ''pietra dura''. Around 1667, Leonardo van der Vinne, a well-known cabinet maker from the Low Countries became part of the ducal workshops. In Genoa, grand console tables supporting huge marble slabs on carved gilt bases began to be made.〔 The offer of an armchair continued to convey elite status: inventories record a single one or a pair in rooms where the seating otherwise was on armless side-chairs, ''sgabelli'' of traditional construction— now enriched with bold sculpture— and stools. Chairs made by the Genoese were made with rich fabrics, often silk or velvet, to accord with the hangings and were often gilded with gold or silver.〔 After the mid-17th century, the state bed also came to provide the expected climax of the sequence of rooms in a Baroque apartment, following precedents established in France. Late-17th century Italian beds were usually grand in scale, often with elaborate wooden backs and fabric drapes. They were usually similar in style throughout the nation, but the textiles varied by region.〔Miller (2005) p.41〕 Italian baroque furnishing also had considerable Eastern influences.〔 Venetians, who at the time still held a vast sea empire, often imported rich fabrics and materials from other nations to enrich their furniture with some eastern influences. Their furniture was mainly sumptuous and luxurious, and included rich silks and green and gold lacquer.〔 However, in Italy, there were considerable differences in the interior design of a grand palazzo than that of a normal house. Palazzi were usually lavish and sumptuous, whilst middle-class town/country houses were usually far plainer, with simple wooden beds, x-framed chairs and big ''cassoni'', or chests.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Italian Baroque interior design」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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